In the beginning...
Humans, for 99.9% of their history, have lived alongside nature, inseparable from it. The majority of our cultural, biological and psychological instincts are derived from this three million year experience.
This is not a romantic view of people living in some idyllic Eden, but a simple fact.
The story of parks
The story of parks in developed countries like the UK is the story of how we have moved away from nature into cities, then realised our need for 'The Green', and so tried to create pockets of it amidst the brick and concrete.
Access to nature is a human right - without it we are diminished, even
if we are not conscious of this.
Reconstructions of a Stone Age rock shelter...
below: an Iron Age fort at Castell Henllys, Pembrokeshire
'The Wilderness' is both our ancestral home - a familiar, comforting place - and, for most of us today, a distant land of dreams. 'The countryside' or 'parks' arer a pale shadow of that reality.
But as we shall see, over the centuries our ideas of 'nature' and 'wilderness' have changed - and this has affected the design of our parks, gardens and other greenspaces.
Thoreau said that "in wildness is the restoration of the world". But Simon Schama retorts that "the healing wilderness is as much the product of culture's craving ... as any other imagined garden".
... and below a Saxon Village at West Stow Country Park.
Left: a mediaeval engraving of 'The Hercynian Forest".
Left: a Victorian representation of 'the wilderness from Plymouth to Hartford, 1636' by Frederick Church.
-> Pleasure parks
-> Towns and cities
-> Common land
-> Cultivated land
-> home